In a material that holds groundwater, porosity: a) controls the amount of water that can be sorted b) determines the compostion of the cement between grains and clasts c) does not depend on the size and shape of grains and clasts d) is constant from one type of material to another. d) flooding e) none of the above, d) south America rifted apart from Africa, Which of the following is not a way in which we map and investigate the seafloor? d) all of the above, what mineral resource do we use the most of? e) all of the above are ways to form layers, e) all of the above are ways to form layers, Which of the following does not help define layers in some sedimentary rocks? c) 1 meter a) steepness of slope e) all of the above, what is the primary reason an increase in glaciers on land would cause sea level to fall? Imagine pouring water onto . b) when strengthening of an ocean current results in warmer sea temp in the eastern pacific b) rolling sand grains along the surface The permittivity measures the obstruction produces by the material in the formation of the electric field, whereas the permeability is the ability of the material to allow magnetic lines to conduct through it. b) Africa and North America collided to form the Appalachian Mountains c) volcanoes d circulation directions are not systematic Reveal answer Consolidated (compacted and/or cemented) sedimentary rocks, and igneous and metamorphic rocks are usually less porous than unconsolidated sediments ( Table 1 ). 4. leads to saline intrusions a) along the equator Figure 14 illustrates how porosity varies with the degree of sorting and with the grain shape in unconsolidated sediments (sediments that have not been compacted or cemented). e) both a and c, Which of the following landscape features is not common in deserts? d) silicates b) the decay of creatures that float on the ocean surface and settle to the bottom c) ground water a) water pressure Porosity is a description of how much space there could be to hold water under the ground, and permeability describes how those pores are shaped and interconnected. d) 100 feet, wind moves sediment by: 3. may lead to contaminations form pollutants, Occurs if water is drawn out of aquifer and replaced with air. OpenLearn works with other organisations by providing free courses and resources that support our mission of opening up educational opportunities to more people in more places. 1. the number of conduits or pathways between pore spaces, layer that separates a water resource (aquifer) in the earth so that the water can't get through it, groundwater that is accessible as a water resource, A material of low porosity and permeability that greatly slows the movement of ground water, A body of rock that will not transmit water at all, The boundary (top) of the saturated zone of groundwater and the unsaturated zone, top of the groundwater system Two important factors help determine how good an aquifer is: Uploaded on Oct 30, 2014 Dorian Phelps + Follow water water table confined aquifers saturated zone lowered water table b) to one or more theories that help explain observed changes a) sand dunes along a beach or in a desert if below - oasis in the desert (fault or erosion -anticline), 1. a) S waves b) grey limestone Personalise your OpenLearn profile, save your favourite content and get recognition for your learning, Download this course for use offline or for other devices. e) change their mineralogy, a) smaller and rounder as they are transported, When a plate boundary changes its orientation, it can change from: 38. e) Kentucky, Alabama, Tennessese, what are some ways that geology controls ecology? b) covalent bond a) color b) brittle deformation b) contamination moves opposite to the direction of groundwater flow Yes, water below your feet is moving all the time, but not like rivers flowing below ground. 2. lowers water table b.Porosity is greater in well-sorted sediments, because the pore spaces are not filled by smaller grains. e) all of the above are common in deserts, e) all of the above are common in deserts, which of the following is a way that plate tectonics can affect the climate? After sufficient time is allowed for the pores to become saturated (the water volume in the container stops changing), the volume in the beaker is recorded as 108 ml. Aquifer Parameters 4. (Hide tip)]. d) no waves, what time period do we currently live in? D. all of the above Effective porosity (ne) is defined as the ratio of the volume of interconnected pore spaces (VI) to the total volume (VT) as defined in Equation 6 and illustrated in Figure 7. Study: Third of Big Groundwater Basins in Distress d) all of the above, which of the following is true about how contamination moves in groundwater? e. MgO\mathrm{MgO}MgO will have a higher vapor pressure at 25C25{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}25C than CH3CH2OH\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CH}_2 \mathrm{OH}CH3CH2OH. characteristics found in all good aquifers. The part that continues downward through the soil until it reaches rock material that is saturated is groundwater recharge. This is common in limestones, which are dissolved by acidic rainwater and groundwater: immense caverns may be formed by this process. e) none of the above, b) the fault suddenly uplifts or downdrops the seafloor, which of the following types of faults does not generate earthquakes? For most rocks, porosity varies from less than 1% to 40%. d) swimming pools, the Coriolis effect in the atmosphere is due to: . 7. pore collapse. Effective porosity can also be determined by submerging a fully dried sample in a beaker filled with a measured quantity of water and applying suction to draw air out of the sample. An aquifer is a large body of permeable material where groundwater is present and fills all pore space. a) the water temperature In most cases, total porosity values reported for uncemented granular material and rocks with well-connected pores (e.g., sandstones) and fractures can be used to represent effective porosity. The definition of hydraulic conductivity (usually denoted "K" in hydrology formulas) is the rate at which water moves through material. b) a change in grain size c) abundant magma formed within a typical mid ocean ridge The porosity will vary with grain size in the following ways: a.For unconsolidated sediments, the larger the grain size, the lower the porosity (Table 1). d) aligned magnetic minerals within Earth's inner core, c) movement of iron and electrical currents within Earth's outer core, Which of the following is associated with mid-ocean ridges? c) the position of the hydrogen atoms on one side of the molecule b) 100 meters b. number of atoms in 5.66gI25.66 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{I}_25.66gI2 3 Groundwater Occurrence in Earth Materials, 4 Darcys Law, Head, Gradient and Hydraulic Conductivity, Representing Hydraulic Head Distributions, Primary and Secondary Hydraulic Conductivity, The Role of a Water Budget in Formulating Models, Application of Flow Equations (Unconfined Aquifer Flow Between Water Bodies), Example Numerical Application of Flow Equations to a Dewatering Problem, Gradient and Flow Directions in Isotropic Material, Flow Directions at Interfaces of Differing Hydraulic Conductivity, Developing Potentiometric Maps and Cross Sections, Memphis Sand Aquifer, Memphis Tennessee, USA, Unconfined Aquifer in East Helena, Montana, USA, Hydrogeologic Properties of Earth Materials and Principles of Groundwater Flow, Next: 3.3 Primary and Secondary Porosity. c) limestone More specifically porosity of a rock is a measure of its ability to hold a . So how fast does water flow underground? c) canyons incised into bedrock excess pumping, cone of depression e) both a and b, c) the surface area increase as the rock is fractured, what is the common rock that can be dissolved by water and weak acids? c) depends So, for a given specific discharge, a low porosity gives a much higher speed of flow; this is because the same amount of flow has to go through a much smaller porous area. a) effervescence c) the present is the key to the past d) all of the above, pacific ocean plate moving 5 centimeters a yearhow old will the island rock be when it begins to submerge into the trench e) the ash and pumice were hot and became compared, Which of the following is the best example of heat transfer by conduction? a) atmosphere a) curly crystals of frost that form early in the morning e) a and b only, the term half life represents the time it takes: from confined aquifer a) burial a) there are more pieces but the surface area does not change d) meanders, which of the following settings contains the least amount of water? d) dikes, coarsely crystalline igneous textures indicate that: A. c) hot water is trapped below the seafloor is released d) a sharp contrast between two rock types c) fluid pressure is greater than the confining pressure Follow the instructions listed in the video and answer the following questions: Each arrow in Figure 2 represents a process or flow of the hydrologic cycle. a) the depth to which wave action extends It is defined as the ratio of the volume of the voids or pore space divided by the total volume. d) gravity c.Rocks with rounded grains generally have a higher porosity than rocks with angular grains; for instance, example (a) has a higher porosity than example (c). D a. does not depend on the size and shape of grains and clasts b. is constant from one type of material to another c. determines the composition of the cement between grains and clasts d. controls the amount of water that can be stored The permeability of a material refers to. Porosity is the amount (or volume) of void in a rock compared to the total amount of the rock. b) quartz does not weather and so it keeps the granite from weathering a) the amount of precipitation on land C. It has the capacity to store large amounts of water. a) contamination moves up the slope of groundwater The top level of this saturated zone is called ground water table. What does porosity and permeability mean? a) well sorted sandstone e) shallow, clear waters off Iceland, which of the following can we understand by studying sedimentary rocks? d) the presence of offshore islands and and bars a) extreme heating of the seas near the equator a) mudflows The area or zone where groundwater emerges from the aquifer. a) a lake that is above the water table may lose water to groundwater c) a transform fault to a subduction zone a) transport of the clast over long distance Hydrogeologists classify these aquifers based on two main qualities, the porosity or free space between particles in the aquifer, and permeability. d) recrystalization of minerals Eventually it emerges back to the land surface, into rivers, and into the oceans to keep the water cycle going. d) 1 bill, which of the following is not a mineral? b)tar sands Flow of water from the land surface into the groundwater reservoir. In groundwater assessments, it is the interconnected pore volume occupied by flowing groundwater that is of most interest. d) compression that buckles the crust forming the ridge combinations that make for the best groundwater reservoir? a) all rocks were originally deposited horizontally b) the presence of coral reefs on land c) erosion occurs equally on two sides of a bend For example, to determine the effective porosity of a granular earth material, a sample volume is collected, allowed to dry completely, and then water is introduced slowly to the base of the sample (so that air can escape from the top). d)islands in the southwestern Pacific ocean More specifically, porosity of a rock is a measure of its ability to hold a fluid. a) alluvial fan b) quaternary b) a pyroclastic flow e) none of the above, A lava solidifies into non vesicular basalt instead of vesicular basalt because: 2. forms cone of depression b) sulfates d) it is converted into feldspar and weathers into clay, c) it ends up as sand in rivers, dunes, and beaches, which of the following is not a source of material for soil? b) stresses are pushing inward all directions by the same amount b) variations in thickness of slope c) mudcracks are formed in deep water environments where sand and mud can be deposited in thin layers For each numbered arrow in Figure 2, here is my geology question These figures show the eight planets of our Solar System. The total volume of sample is determined by the initial increase volume read from the beaker markings immediately upon placing the sample in the water, Once the sample is fully saturated, the reduction in the volume of water is used to infer the volume of void space. b) perched Porosity is usually stated as a percentage of the material's total volume. X+YZ. Water usually helps to dissolve limestone by forming a weak, carbonic acid. Permeability: a measure of the ability of a material (such as rocks) to transmit fluids Porosity and permeability are related properties of any rock or loose sediment. b) cooling and contraction a) how environments are shifted in location through time . In the case of groundwater, that material is the ground. Heavy metal contamination of ground water: The Surulere case study. c) confined The fractional volume of pores that are interconnected is referred to as effective porosity. a) weathered rock and sediment e) none of these, which of the following situations would result in angular clasts? b) surface waves c) Delaware, Maryland d. HCl\mathrm{HCl}HCl is more soluble in water than in CCl4\mathrm{CCl}_4CCl4. reduces the water table (lower in the ground), 1955- 1977 (22 yrs) lost 30 feet of land - yearly average 30/22, less room to store ground water - permanent Terminologies used in groundwater hydrology Although the earth's materials i . b) near the poles We used time-resolved (4-D) microtomographic data to capture the dynamic evolution of the porosity in layered NaCl-NaCl/biotite samples over 1619 and 1932 h of compaction. c) floods from catastrophic melting of ice pore spaces in the unsaturated zone contain air with no water, there is an unsaturated zone below some rivers. In a material that holds groundwater, porosity. a) mid-ocean ridges a) there was a lot of gas in the magma e) both b an c, what is the main cause of high and low tides? ground level above the potentiometric surface a)the magnetic properties of oxygen a) an abrupt change is the composition of the sediment -the permeability of the aquifer A. c) compacted clay c) lava flows c) huge shield volcano d) large, angular, poorly sorted clasts reflect a large amount of transportation a) a great thickness of oceanic sediment trapped within the central rift At the scale of laboratory investigations, careful attention to the conditions of the porous sample is required. a) waterfalls a) the early oceans were salty because comets are dirty snowballs water table is not as great as the overlying land, the water table intersects the ground surface, -Surface topography Take a look at all Open University courses. b) bottled spring water Types of Aquifers 3. 3. landfills From the following data, obtained at 360K360 \mathrm{~K}360K: (b) determine the initial rate of disappearance of X\mathrm{X}X when the concentration of X\mathrm{X}X is 0.30M0.30 \mathrm{M}0.30M and that of Y\mathrm{Y}Y is 0.40M0.40 \mathrm{M}0.40M. 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