It's possible to see an unsettling connection between the blonde dolls and the blonde daughters of families that employ black servants: in playing with little blonde dolls, black girls must either pretend the child is theirsand so negate their own race and deny their own beautyor they must pretend that they, like Pauline, are servants caring for the children of white employers. French military experts believed the line would deter German aggression because it would slow an invasion force long enough for French forces to mobilise and counterattack. They nerfed breaking through the line to the nth degree honestly. Continue to start your free trial. Having suffered early humiliations, he takes out his frustration on the women in his life. Renews March 8, 2023 The Maginot Line (French: Ligne Maginot, IPA:[li maino]), named after the French Minister of War Andr Maginot, is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications. She lies in an empty lot ruminating and then heads home. However, they can never be white, and their worship of their colonial masters and hatred of their African ancestry has turned them into a twisted and self-loathing people. As a. Claudia does not yet know that her mother here is reacting to Frieda's assault by Mr. Henry. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. Friedas experience is frightening and confusing, but she is quickly defended by her protective parents, and Henry is a foolish rather than a threatening figure. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. What does the word "festers" mean? Gros Ouvrages: These fortresses were the most important fortifications on the Maginot Line, having the sturdiest construction and the heaviest artillery. The protagonist of the novel, an eleven-year-old Black girl who believes that she is ugly and that having blue eyes would make her beautiful. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. Built between 1930 and 1940, it was one of the world's most impressive forts, yet it proved to be almost . Their purpose was to locate the enemy, direct and correct the indirect fire of artillery, and report on the progress and position of critical enemy units. [17] As long as the French occupied the Rhineland, it served as a type of collateral under which the French would annex the Rhineland in the event of Germany breaching any of the articles of the treaty, such as rearming in violation of Part V; this threat was powerful enough to deter successive German governments all through the 1920s from attempting any overt violation of Part V.[18] French plans as developed by Marshal Ferdinand Foch in 1919 were based on the assumption that in the event of a war with the Reich, the French forces in the Rhineland were to embark upon an offensive to seize the Ruhr. The line wasn't Maginot's idea alone, but he helped push the ambitious, multimillion-franc project through parliament. 20% Named after Andr Maginot, the French Minister of War, it ran along the eastern border with Germany and Luxemburg and stretched across 450km (~300mi). They associate being "ruined" with the prostitutes, as they sense it has something to do with distasteful sexual interactions like the one Frieda experienced, and assume because Miss Marie is fat, she must be ruined. His rape of Pecola is motivated by hatredthe text says explicitly that he despises his daughter for loving him because he is painfully aware of his failures. A middle-class Black woman who, though she keeps house flawlessly and diligently cares for the physical appearances of herself and her family (including her husband, Louis, and her son, Junior), is essentially cold. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. The German Army, having reformulated their plans from a repeat of the First World War-era plan, became aware of and exploited this weak point in the French defensive front. [I] settled down to just being ugly.". [19] Part of the rationale for the Maginot Line stemmed from the severe French losses during the First World War and their effect on the French population. [26] The French imported a third of their coal from Britain, and 32 percent of all imports through French ports were carried by British ships. Claudias father, who works hard to keep the familyfed and clothed. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. When the Allied forces invaded in June 1944, the line, now held by German defenders, was again largely bypassed; fighting touched only portions of the fortifications near Metz and in northern Alsace towards the end of 1944. Furious, Mrs. Breedlove sends the girls away and comforts the little white girl, who has begun to cry. Pecola is confused and talks about how nice Miss Marie (that is, the Maginot Line) and her friends are. She loses the job because Cholly shows up at her workplace drunk. This points toward a source of Pecola's suffering: she cannot see herself, because she is invisible to so many. The last line of defense was the Maginot Line's massive ouvrages, each large enough to hold 500 to 1,000 permanent troops. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Bluest Eye. The enemy's position would be communicated to a cluster of 78 fire control stations that coordinated the French defense from hilltop outposts. [4] J.E. The girls walk all the way to the rich part of town where Mrs. Breedlove works. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! The first girl that Cholly likes. The French strategy was already set in millions of cubic feet of concrete. From front to rear (east to west), the line was composed of: 1. This section shows the powerful deterministic forces that have shaped Pauline. She begins to become more religious, solidifying her identity as a martyr. [15] The German statement following The Manchester Guardian's article that Germany did not feel bound by the terms of Versailles and would violate them as much as possible gave much offence in France. The French side of this border is called the Maginot Line, where the French built a tremendous fortification across from the then Westwall/Hindenburg Line. It may be, though, that such an accusation coming from girls she thought might be innocent only makes the accusation more painful for Miss Marie. What was the Purpose of the Maginot Line? [17] Versailles did not call for military sanctions in the event of the German military reoccupying the Rhineland or breaking Part V, while Locarno committed Britain and Italy to come to French aid in the event of a "flagrant violation" of the Rhineland's demilitarised status, it did not define what a "flagrant violation" would be. Wed love to have you back! "They cashed in their chips. These anti-tank obstacles extended from end to end in front of the main works, over hundreds of kilometres, interrupted only by extremely dense forests, rivers, or other nearly impassable terrains. French engineers even constructed emergency dams and levees that could flood the surrounding fields to further slow the German attack. She depends upon their interpretation of what has taken place in order to understand it herself. Theylive above the Breedlove apartment and befriendPecola. The Maginot Line was impervious to most forms of attack. The Maginot Line ( French: Ligne Maginot, IPA: [li maino] ), named after the French Minister of War Andr Maginot, is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications. Safety Quarters were built near the major fortifications so fortress (ouvrage) crews could reach their battle stations in the shortest possible time in the event of a surprise attack during peacetime. They live above the Breedlove apartment and befriend Pecola. Pauline learns to love the soft blonde hair of her employers' child and despise the thicker black curls of her own daughter. The guerre de longue dure strategy called for the French to halt the expected German offensive meant to give the Reich a swift victory; afterwards, there would be an attrition struggle; once the Germans were exhausted, France would begin an offensive to win the war. Frieda is more knowledgeable about the adult world and sometimes braver than Claudia. Complete your free account to request a guide. She allows the girls inside. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs He was opposed by modernists such as Paul Reynaud and Charles de Gaulle, who favoured investment in armour and aircraft. Despite its monumental concrete glory, which was the pride of interwar France, the Maginot Line ultimately wasn't able to stop Adolf Hitler's Nazi war machine from quickly overwhelming and occupying France in World War II. Behind them were minefields and tank traps made from row after row of porcupine-like iron girders that would cripple armored vehicles. Music Producer, Rapper, Gamer, Artist , Just trying to make it through this thing called LIFE!! Her mother reinforces this connection as well. These various structures reinforced a principal line of resistance made up of the most heavily armed ouvrages, which can be roughly translated as fortresses or big defensive works. After that, her marriage with Cholly deteriorates rapidly. Please wait while we process your payment. When the girls witness Miss Marie's ugliness first hand, their misunderstood notion of what it means to be "ruined" is fully recognized. Nonetheless, in 1927, the Inter-Allied Commission, which was responsible for ensuring that Germany complied with Part V of the Treaty of Versailles, was abolished as a goodwill gesture reflecting the "Spirit of Locarno". Stewart, Amber ed. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. She is lonely and imaginative. It even included air conditioning and underground railways for reinforcements. Frieda and Claudia walk to the lakefront houses, in a beautiful neighborhood with a park that is for white children only. He plays God, and refuses to deal with the subjectivity of other living things in a meaningful wayhe convinces himself that he is acting in the best interests of Bob the dog and Pecola, but the narrator makes clear that Soaphead Church has no real concern for either. The playground for whites only lets the girls know that they are in a place where they are not welcomed based purely on the color of their skin. Read an in-depth analysis of Pecola Breedlove. However, the French line was weak near the Ardennes Forest. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. He despises Darlene because his inability to protect her destroys his sense of his own masculinity. Through the window they see Mr. Henry inside with, legs and an ugly face. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! The defences were first proposed by Marshal Joseph Joffre. After a humiliating defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the French built a ring of 19 heavily fortified military bases around the ancient city of Verdun in northeastern France near the borders with Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium. LitCharts Teacher Editions. Frieda narrates the whole story to Claudia: Mr. Henry made sexual advances at Frieda, who ran to tell her parents. More books than SparkNotes. Maginot Line. The prejudice and treatment that Pecola receives because of her skin color is called "colorism," a sister type of discrimination that has only recently been studied and researched. The girls have a brief exchange during which Pecola defends the Maginot Line (Miss Marie, as she calls her), but the conversation is cut short when Mrs. Breedlove comes out to see who Pecola's visitors are. Observation Posts were located on hills that provided a good view of the surrounding area. Narrow Gauge Railway System: A network of 600mm (.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}1ft11+58in) narrow gauge railways was built to rearm and resupply the main fortresses (ouvrages) from supply depots up to 50km (31mi) away. Ouvrage Hochwald is the only facility in the main line that remains in active service as a hardened command facility for the French Air Force known as Drachenbronn Airbase. He is fiercely protective of his daughters. France quickly extended the Maginot Line along the Franco-Belgian border, but not to the standard of the rest of the line. Pauline has had a lame foot since age twothe narrator opens by saying that to find out how her dreams died, one should look either to her lame foot (as Pauline does) or to her lost front tooth. At the same time, that willingness to interact with the little girl based on a nickname may suggest that Mrs. Breedlove shares a level of love for the young girl that she withholds from her own daughter, who is not allowed to call her mother by a nickname. In contrast, the propaganda about the line made it appear far greater a construction than it was; illustrations showed multiple storeys of interwoven passages and even underground rail yards and cinemas. The British diplomat Sir Eric Phipps, who attended the conference, commented afterwards that: The London Conference was for the French 'man in the street' one long Calvary as he saw M. Herriot abandoning one by one the cherished possessions of French preponderance on the Reparations Commission, the right of sanctions in the event of German default, the economic occupation of the Ruhr, the French-Belgian railway Rgie, and finally, the military occupation of the Ruhr within a year. This chain of faulty reasoning leads to their decision to procure whiskey for Frieda. The strategy was that the Maginot Line would blunt any invasion and allow time for mobilisation and counterattack by allied forces. Made up of a series of locations spanning over 3 kilometres, the Schoenenbourg Maginot Line fort was entirely self sufficient, with . Pecolas mother, who believes that she is ugly; this belief has made her lonely and cold. A period of sustained Francophobia broke out in Britain, with Poincar being vilified in Britain as a cruel bully punishing Germany with unreasonable reparations demands. Without the natural defensive barrier provided by the Rhine River, French generals argued that France needed a new defensive barrier made of concrete and steel to replace it. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. Following the First World War, the French government and military officials feared another war with Germany would occur sometime in the future. French strategy, therefore, envisioned a move into Belgium to counter a German assault. She slaps Pecola twice, even though the cobbler has burned her legs, demonstrating her disdain for her own child. Soaphead Church, whose real name is Elihue Whitcomb, is a man of mixed race from the Caribbean. All cloches were made of alloy steel. During the ensuing Ruhrkampf ("Ruhr struggle") between the Germans and the French that lasted until September 1923, Britain condemned the French occupation of the Ruhr. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. During the funeral, Cholly goes down to the river with a girl named Darlene. 8. [18] The decision to build the Maginot Line in 1929 was a tacit French admission that without the Rhineland as collateral, Germany was soon going to rearm and that the terms of Part V had a limited lifespan. When the little white girl asks Mrs. Breedlove who the black girls were, Mrs. Breedlove assures her that she doesn't need to know: "Hush. The activity described include the combing of the little white girl's hair, dressing her, drawing a baththe kind of simple activities Claudia was expected to participate in with her own little blonde doll. Toni Morrison and The Bluest Eye Background. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. The French military was especially insistent that the population disparity made an offensive war of manoeuvre and swift advances suicidal, as there would always be far more German divisions; a defensive strategy was needed to counter Germany. However, after France had failed to counter the German remilitarisation of the Rhineland, Belgiumthinking that France was not a reliable allyabrogated the treaty in 1936 and declared neutrality. The Germans then broke through the fortification line as defending French forces retreated southward. Rosemary Villanucci came out and told Frieda that her father would go to jail, and Frieda hit her. ouvrages to be ready at their battle stations. [18], France had an alliance with Belgium and with the states of the Cordon sanitaire, as the French alliance system in Eastern Europe was known. Consequently, the Germans invaded through the Low Countries in 1940, passing it to the north. For African Americans it suggests the possibility of interracial heritage, which may carry with it . She is surprised to see them, and they ask her why she is not afraid of the Maginot Line. China, Poland, and Miss Marie Character Timeline in The Bluest Eye Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes. She is pretty, playful andaffectionate. The color of eyes is not for looking, but for being looked at. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. Outpost and Support Point line: Approximately 5km (3mi) behind the border, a line of anti-tank blockhouses that were intended to provide resistance to armoured assault, sufficient to delay the enemy to allow the crews of the C.O.R.F. for a customized plan. Frieda is uncertain how to describe what has happened to her. Instant PDF downloads. Because she is closer to adolescence, Frieda is more vulnerable to her communitys equation of whiteness with beauty. He is a kind man and excellent storyteller. 10. [16] When the Control Commission was dissolved, the commissioners in their final report issued a blistering statement, stating that Germany had never sought to abide by Part V and the Reichswehr had been engaging in covert rearmament all through the 1920s. There are 58 ouvrages, 311 casemates, 78 shelters, 14 observatories and around 4,000 blockhouses on the North-West, and 84 ouvrages, 41 casemates, three observatories and around 1,000 blockhouses to the South-West. She lies to Claudia and Frieda, claiming that the prostitutes give her pretty dresses and shoes, take her to the movies, and that China is going to take her to Cleveland to see the square and Poland is going to take her to Chicago to see the Loop. The Maginot Line, an array of defenses that France built along its border with Germany in the 1930s, was designed to prevent an invasion. Pecola, not knowing that the meat is poisoned, brings it to the dog. Read more about sexual initiation as a theme. A light-skinned, wealthy Black girl who is new at the local school. At a conference in London in 1924 to settle the Franco-German crisis caused by the Ruhrkampf, the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald successfully pressed the French Premier douard Herriot to make concessions to Germany. How much did the Construction of the Maginot line cost? [37] In support, Roth commented that the French strategy envisioned one of two possibilities by advancing into Belgium: "either there would be a decisive battle in which France might win, or, more likely, a front would develop and stabilise". $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. The specification of the defences was very high, with extensive and interconnected bunker complexes for thousands of men; there were 45 main forts (grands ouvrages) at intervals of 15km (9.3mi), 97 smaller forts (petits ouvrages) and 352 casemates between, with over 100km (62mi) of tunnels. The third person narrator points out that for the cavity to have grown, the conditions for it to fester must have been in placea clear metaphor for the social forces that have trapped Pauline in a hard and joyless life. In discussion with General Brousseau, the commander of the Metz sector and other officers, the general outlined the French problem in extending the line to the sea in that placing the line along the Belgian-German border required the agreement of Belgium, but putting the line along the French-Belgian border relinquished Belgium to the Germans. Pecola, who calls the Maginot line by her true name, Miss Marie, explains that she is not dangerous. [18], After 1918, the German economy was twice as large as that of France; Germany had a population of 70 million compared to France's 40 million, and the French economy was hobbled by the need to reconstruct the enormous damage of World War I, while German territory had seen little fighting. (including. I seem to recall you are new to the game. Andr Maginot finally convinced the government to invest in the scheme. "The Maginot Line would have done just fine against a German army with no tanks, airplanes or heavy artillery," says Kirchubel, all of which were banned inside Germany after WWI. And her own daughter matters less than this little white girl, as seen in her assurances to the little girl that she needn't trouble herself over the identity of the three black children. French decision-makers believed they needed Britain's help to win another war; the French could only go so far with alienating the British. The Maginot Line was designed to resist attacks by aerial bombardment, artillery and ground forces. The Maginot Line was one of the largest military structures ever built, second only to the Great Wall of China. [30] The entire French crew of 107 soldiers was killed during the action. Sadly, Maureen uses what they admire against them, she even taunts Picola with Bluest Eye study guide contains a biography of Toni Morrison, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. The World War II German invasion plan of 1940 (Sichelschnitt) was designed to deal with the line. Her family, looking for a better life, migrates from Alabama to Kentucky while she is a girl. The Maginot Lines nickname comes from the bulky defensive fortifications built before World War II to protect the border of France from Germany. Her jealousy shows her inability to conceptualize the trauma incurred during such an experience. Cholly, then, is free, without parents or people. The boldest and most pivotal German line of attack ran through the dense Ardennes Forest in Belgium, which both the French and the other Allies had dismissed as impassable. Want 100 or more? You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. Look like I just didn't care no more after that. Artillery troops operated the heavy guns, and the engineers were responsible for maintaining and operating other specialist equipment, including all communications systems. 30 ] the entire French crew of 107 soldiers was killed during funeral! Humiliations, he takes out his frustration on the Maginot line, having the sturdiest construction and the heaviest.. Crew of 107 soldiers was killed during the action possibility of interracial heritage, may... River with a park that is for white children only religious, solidifying her as! 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