Depression; Isolationists thought aid would prolong the Depression. WARSAW, Poland (AP) President Joe Biden, returning on Tuesday to the Polish castle where he spoke shortly after the Russian invasion of Ukraine last year, said the war had hardened Western resolve to defend democracy around the globe. B. Six million European Jews had been murdered. The 1953 Refugee Relief Act defined refugee (someone in a non-Communist country fleeing persecution), escapee (someone fleeing communism), and expellee" (an ethnic German forced out of Eastern Europe). D.Did not destroy all aircraft carriers/ did not declare war first. They felt that Germany posed the greatest long-term threat to all parties involved. (This happened just as the systematic, mass murder of the Jews began with the German invasion of the Soviet Union.) According to Roosevelt, what principles was the United States fighting for? helping drive them out of the Soviet Union. Although the war began with Nazi Germany's attack on Poland in September 1939, the United States did not enter the war until after the Japanese bombed the American fleet in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941. . a.) The Refugee Act of 1980 remains in effect. D.It showed Roosevelt could be flexible when negotiating with the Soviet Union. The rescue worker wouldn't leave the building without the little boy. B. refugees who had fled from Nazi-occupied Europe. After World War II, the United States of America entered a period of material abundance, caused largely by increased production. D. Congress demanded an immediate end to the war \underline{\hspace{3cm}} Fierce, wild dogs are inhabitants of the island, too. In 1921 and 1924, the US Congress passed immigration laws that severely limited the number and national origin of new immigrants. B. Place the events that led up to U.S. involvement in World War II in the correct order, following Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany. 4. B. d.) A. Roosevelt placed an embargo on Japan. Today, it has become far more than a parallel. D. Both collections are included in this presentation. The 1951 Convention defines the obligations of signatory nations to refugees, and vice versa. For this reason, the Library has edited the Washington, D.C., audiotapes and transcripts to remove interviewee names. He feared it would leave Britain vulnerable to a deadly German counter-offensive. was able to return its focus to domestic issues. The United States had the world's largest military force. the Japanese were not expecting a U.S. offensive there. a.) After the United States entered World War II: a) Americans saw little military action for the first few months of 1942. b) Americans immediately won several key battles. Choose the statement that best reflects the experiences of African Americans after the United States entered World War II. c.) B. destroy ships and planes that threatened their expansion efforts. What was the importance of the Lend-Lease Act? In the next 20 years, the Cold War spawned many tensions between the two superpowers abroad and fears of Communist subversion gripped domestic politics at home. a.) Refugees are granted the right to work, to housing, to education, to public assistance, to freedom of movement within the territory, and cannot be punished for illegal entry. all of Japan's aircraft carriers were mistakenly directed to Guam. In most cases, the recordings were digitized by Library of Congress staff directly from the discs on which they were originally recorded. This presentation was made possible with the generous support of the Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute and the New Deal Network. "We were faced with the possibility of deportation even though we were U.S. B. In these past few yearsand, most violently, in the past three dayswe have learned a terrible lesson. A. new Geneva Convention agreements about prisoners. At this time, documentary requirements were also increased: applicants now needed two financial affidavits instead of one. b.) a.) A. Soviet mistrust of Western intentions. C. generate support for the war effort and boost morale through the media. How was the federal government able to borrow money from U.S. citizens? "We were forced by the government to move from California because they feared we might be capable of sabotage or espionage." With President Truman's encouragement, Congress passed limited legislation to aid European displaced persons, including Holocaust survivors. How did WACs contribute to the American war effort? D. Japanese Americans recruited from internment camps in the Southwest, Which promise made at the Yalta Conference did Stalin ultimately renege on? C. d.) U.S. code breakers had intercepted the Japanese plans. He personally directed the military buildup of troops and supplies. his successful campaigns in North Africa and Sicily. President Truman feared a second Japanese attack on American soil. This led to so-called midnight races, where passenger ships raced to reach the United States as soon as possible at the beginning of each month, when new portions of the quota were opened. The United States officially enters World War I. April 6, 1917: Two days after the U.S. Senate voted 82 to 6 to declare war against Germany, the U.S. House of Representatives endorses the . D) all of the Allies suffered economically due to the war. "We were faced with the possibility of deportation even though we were U.S. citizens." b.) To protect Australia from a Japanese invasion, a.) a.) These and other viewpoints would be challenged with the United States' entry into World War II. B) join political organizations. Industry stopped . D. The population stayed roughly the same as auto factories were converted to produce munitions. B) membership of the U.N. Security Council was determined. D. flying more successful bombing missions over Japan than any other pilot in the war. Why is Frank hopeful that the Nazi reign will end? While the United States had remained neutral in the war, it responded to Japans aggression in Asia with economic sanctions that caused severe shortages of natural resources that the Japanese needed for their war effort. All of Germany's European Axis allies participated to some degree in the persecution and murder of Jews during the Holocaust. B. 182, 186) exempted noncitizen service members from naturalization requirements related to age, race, residence, any educational tests, fees . D) executive vice-president of the International Monetary Fund, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self. D. Japanese Americans feared that Japan would try to punish them for siding with the United States in the war. C. More expansion B. the Tripartite Pact "Since the government guaranteed a profit on sales, our corporation accepted a defense contract." With war already raging in Asia, the invasion sparked a global conflict that lasted until 1945. It would prevent the Axis from receiving reinforcements from Japan's Indian Ocean fleet. c.) C. holding off a German offensive by himself after ordering his troops to withdraw. Under President Woodrow Wilson, the United States remained neutral until 1917 and then entered the war on the side of the Allied powers (the United Kingdom, France, and Russia). c.) D) more than 20 years. c) it maintained control of the Philippines. He died of a brain hemorrhage on April 12,1945. Dec. 7. a.) a.) e) no Americans were taken prisoner by the Japanese. Its involvement culminated in using newly American invented nuclear weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to defeat Imperial Japan in the Pacific War. In particular, World War II led many women to take jobs in defense plants and factories around the country. What is the World War II? B. c.) A. Choose the statement that describes a cause of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. . B. Japanese Americans were allowed to serve in the military. They were followed in June 1940 by Italy, in June 1941 by Russia, and in December 1941 by Japan and the USA - though the conflict as a whole had actually began in July 1937 with war between China and Japan. B) about 10 years A. Isolationists thought aid would bring us into war; interventionists thought aid would keep us out of the war. C) They felt it would divert too many resources away from their military operations elsewhere. Savage fighting and heavy American casualties occurred in the battles on Iwo Jima and Okinawa. Shortly after entering World War II, the United States began the Manhattan Project to. Pete Seeger and Huddie Ledbetter (Leadbelly) recorded original songs for the "Dear Mr. President" interviews. A. Flushed with their success against Germany and Japan in 1945, most Americans initially viewed their place in the postwar world with optimism and confidence. For most Jewish refugees, the new paperwork combined with the lack of access to American diplomats ended their hope of immigration to the United States. President Harry S. Truman favored a liberal immigration policy toward displaced persons (DPs). Many Americans feared that he was bringing the country closer to another war in Europe. B. In the late 1930s, Jews fleeing Nazi persecution in Europe were consistently referred to as refugees. However, this term had no legal meaning under US law, save for theoretically exempting these immigrants from having to pass a literacy test. The new law reflected anti-Catholic, antisemitic sentiment in the country. But now this isnt so bad anymore. "The government should have adopted deficit spending during the war to boost the economy instead of focusing on keeping a balanced budget." B) the Great Depression destroyed U.S. foreign trade. He believed a joint offensive with the Soviets through Eastern Europe would be far more effective. Allied forces strategy during World War II. Germany and Japan were to pay for the resettlement of displaced persons from the countries they formerly occupied. Five other European states joined the Axis alliance during World War II. Consistent with overall anti-immigrant sentiments in the country, the State Department viewed the quotas as limits, rather than goals, and did not seek to fill the quotas. Public policy, like the so-called GI Bill of Rights passed in 1944, provided money for veterans to attend college, to purchase homes, and to buy farms. "Over 90% of us were relocated against our will to assembly centers during the war." It would require fewer resources and pave the way for an Allied invasion of Italy. D. C. D. By 1968, strident debate among American about the Vietnam War signified that the Cold War consensus had shattered, perhaps beyond repair. They were the largest population centers in Japan. "The government rejected deficit spending as a way to finance war production." The photographs and graphs in this gallery support the conclusion that "We began a civil rights campaign to achieve both a victory in Europe and a victory over racism in the U.S.", Choose the statement that best reflects the experiences of Japanese Americans after the United States entered World War II. "We were informed that our corporation would remain subject to antitrust regulations." Savage fighting and heavy American casualties occurred in the battles on Iwo Jima and Okinawa. Why did the Allies decide to wage a campaign in North Africa rather than the European mainland? What did the dictators of totalitarian systems have in common? D. universal education. B. The Tuskegee Airmen were The IRO also operated the International Tracing Service whose purpose was to help survivors find their families and learn the fate of loved ones. More colleges and universities were built in the United States. C) victory over Germany and Japan Visual evidence of the Holocaust, shown in popular magazines, newspapers and movie theater newsreels, did not change Americans minds towards immigration or refugees. The origins of the policy may be traced back to the 1938 decision by the US to permit weapons sales to Great Britain and France on a "cash and carry" basis. c.) "My factory converted its production lines to produce bombers, and we hired more workers. Building on the economic base left after the war, American society became more affluent in the postwar years than most Americans could have imagined in their wildest dreams before or during the war. A) less than 5 years B) more than one half Which area on the map received the MOST aid from the U.S. prior to 1942? Origins. Select an argument used to oppose U.S. involvement in World War II. Main telephone: 202.488.0400 d.) Small but significant named World War II US Navy Corpsman grouping named to Wallace H. Fritsch, who served on Peleliu during World War II. ", d.) A. more denouncement B. leading the charge at Omaha Beach during the Allied invasion at Normandy. D) She is certain the Germans will lose the war. B) the prosecution of Nazi war criminals in the Nuremberg Trials There were several well-publicized cases of Japanese American spies being caught operating in the United States. Under this international treaty, a refugee was defined as, "a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it. The US military was not prepared to fight a global war in 1941. D. the establishment of internment camps for resident aliens. B. the economy failed to improve. C. opposition to policies requiring racial segregation of factory workers. laborers migrated from Mexico to work on farms in the West. "Defense contracts during the war were undesirable, because they required that businesses pay huge upfront costs." They underestimated Japan's ability to project military force in the Pacific. Which policy best demonstrates appeasement during the 1930s? D. was assassinated by a group of his own generals. In 1940, Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy, creating World War IIs Axis powers. Japan targeted civilian populations when they dropped bombs on the Allied Powers. a.) A. b.) B) save lives. On December 8, 1941 (the day after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor), Alan Lomax, then "assistant in charge" of the Archive of American Folk Song (now the American Folklife Center archive), sent a telegram to fieldworkers in ten different localities across the United States, asking them to collect "man-on-the-street" reactions of ordinary Americans to the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the subsequent declaration of war by the United States. To secure an unconditional surrender from Japan, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of _____ and D) Germany was forced to fight a war on two fronts. The entry of the United States into World War II caused vast changes in virtually every aspect of American life. A. How did President Roosevelt lead the mobilization of the war effort? Life in the United States began to return to normal. A combination of presidential directives and congressional legislation aided other specific groups of refugees. General Eisenhower was appointed Supreme Commander of Allied forces in Europe because One important effect of the D-Day invasion was that B. What were some similarities between racism in Nazi Germany and in the United States, 1920s-1940s? A) punish Japan for carrying on the war. "Corporations and business owners used the assembly line to tackle production on a massive scale. Students connect themes from the film to Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's concept of single stories," and then consider what it would take to tell more equitable and accurate narratives. Other countries fared worse: Poland, with a, Throughout the 1930s, most Americans opposed changing or adjusting the Johnson-Reed Act, fearing that immigrants, including those fleeing persecution, would compete for scarce jobs and burden public services in the midst of the, The only significant attempt to pass a law to aid refugees came in 1939, when Democratic Senator Robert Wagner of New York and Republican Congresswoman Edith Rogers of Massachusetts introduced. Based on this graph and your knowledge of history, the growth in U.S. employment was sparked by "Corporations and business owners used the assembly line to tackle production on a massive scale. C) the creation of the International Monetary Fund. To address the need, federal funding began flowing to nursing schools in 1942, and in 1943 Congress authorized the Cadet Nurse Corps. After World War II began in 1939, the State Department cautioned consular officials to exercise particular care in screening applicants: "In view of the international situation, it is essential that all aliens seeking admission into the United States, including both immigrants and nonimmigrants be examined with the greatest care. Visa applicants were required to submit moral affidavits, attesting to their identities and good conduct, from several responsible disinterested persons, in addition to financial affidavits. . Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States entered World War II and financed the Allied war effort, and helped defeat Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy in the European theater. . From our 21st-century point of view, it is hard to imagine World War II without the United States as a major participant. As a result, relations with Latin-American nations improved substantially under Hoover, an anti-imperialist. The United States will probably no longer make aircraft, weapons, and transport available to England so carelessly, as it can be assumed that they will need these for their own war against Japan. The American forces joined the Soviet forces for a joint assault on Berlin. A) the passing of the War Powers Acts. The neutral USA entered World War II only after many months of argument in Congress and after the attack on Pearl Harbor. One day after the attack, Congress officially declared war on Japan and entered World War 2 on the side of the Allied powers. The American forces liberated Paris and much of occupied France. How did the Nazi regime differ most from the Japanese government in the 1930s? Why do you think Roosevelt compared the Germans to gangsters? Through the government's bracero program, Article 19 explains that people in all countries should be able to d.) "The federal government encouraged us to continue producing consumer goods to keep American citizens happy. A. B. the enforced rationing of consumer goods. The Vietnam War is the commonly used name for the Second Indochina War, 1954-1975. D. American women and minorities found new opportunities. Those men held power by selling everyone else a myth: The biggest threat to workers like you are . work on the development of an atomic bomb. . In 1950, Congress amended the Displaced Persons Act, an amendment Truman signed with very great pleasure. The Act authorized a total of 400,744 visas for displaced persons (of which 172,230 had been issued in the previous two years) and removed the geographical and chronological limits which had discriminated against Jewish DPs. D) victory over the Axis Powers abroad and discrimination at home. B. Admiral Nimitz was able to secure a decisive victory against the Japanese naval forces at the Battle of Midway because D. A) gathered widespread support for the creation of a Jewish homeland. Question 9. Dwight D. Eisenhower was made Supreme Commander of Allied Forces following ", Choose the statement that accurately reflects the relationship between private business and the federal government during World War II. A. B) the creation of a five-member Security Council. "We found financial self-reliance, which was new for us, after we went to work in the defense industry." The United States, a signatory along with54 other nations, supplied 40% of the IROs administrative expenses and 46% of its operational expenses, and the IROs Director-General was always an American citizen. What was the result of the Battle of the Bulge? . British concerns over its border security in the Atlantic. On July 1, 1941, the same day that the new relatives rule went into effect, the State Department centralized all alien visa control in Washington. ", Why did the three major Alliesthe United States, Great Britain and the Soviet Unionwant to launch a "second front" in Europe? Why was the United States reluctant to launch a land invasion of Japan? What ultimately prevented the Nazis from conquering Great Britain in 1940? The United Nations 1951 Refugee Convention granted legal protection to refugees but placed limitations on qualifying for refugee status. b.) A. In his 1947 State of the Union, Truman stated, We are dealing with a human problem, a world tragedy. In his 1948 State of the Union, he argued for suitable legislation at once so that this nation may do its share in caring for homeless and suffering refugees of all faiths. The Act, which authorized 200,000 displaced persons to enter the United States, "mortgaged" the still-extant . C. through the American Lend-Lease Act Congress began negotiating a new immigration bill, which would set quotas for the first time on the number of immigrants from each country who could enter the United States. B. A. refugees and displaced persons constitute an urgent problem which is international in scope and character and while displaced persons should be returned home, refugees should be assisted by international action. In the following sentences, underline the gerund. D. Aggressive, What was the effect of this reaction on the aggressors? The initial purpose of the Nazi concentration camps was supposedly to B) The Nazi racial classification laws were officially put into effect. A. Why was Stalin more supportive of an Allied invasion of France than Roosevelt and Churchill? Circle each direct object. it effectively destroyed Japan's ability to launch airstrikes. Which of the following is a reason that the United States initially stayed out of World War II? Rhetoric refers to the art of using words effectively to communicate. ____________________ Petra prefers water-skiing and is quite good at it. These laws did not change in the 1930s, as desperate Jewish refugees attempted to immigrate from Nazi Germany. b.) Battle of the Atlantic: September 3, 1939 to May 8, 1945. After World War II and the Holocaust, the United States and the international community recognized that refugees and displaced persons merited special consideration and should be dealt with separately from immigrants, who are moving to a new country to seek a better life. SAN FRANCISCO When Miya Iwataki and other Japanese Americans fought in the 1980s for the U.S. government to apologize to families it imprisoned during World War II, Black politicians and civil rights leaders were integral to the movement. D. the Japanese assault on Pearl Harbor. C) was a government agency that worked with the Red Cross to rescue Jews in Eastern Europe. The United Nations Refugee Protocol of 1967 established the current international norms for defining and dealing with refugees, and 146 countries, including the United States, have signed this protocol. C) restricted the number of countries that accepted Jewish refugees. c.) At the Potsdam Conference, the "I was outraged when the government nationalized my business and forced us to produce war material." B) the Axis expanded their control of territory in western Europe. What major advantage did the United States possess over the Soviet Union following the war? How were the Allies able to keep the planned invasion at Normandy a secret from the Nazis? To show unity among world powers In the decades between World War I and the attack on Pearl Harbor, tensions between Japan and the United States were primarily caused by A.Germany was able to take over much of Europe by 1940. It allowed Germany to attack Poland with having to fight on two fronts. d.) What did the existence of kamikaze pilots reveal about the Japanese military? But within two years of the end of the war, new challenges and perceived threats had arisen to erode that confidence. Claudia Bautista, Santa Monica, Calif. You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. b.) The relationship between the Allies was complicated by Why did the US join the Second World war in 1941? It is actual collaboration so well calculated that all the continents of the world, and all the oceans, are now considered by the Axis strategists as one gigantic battlefield. C. American neutrality in the first years of the war in Europe. The War Refugee Board After World War I, America became an isolationist nation. B. a pact signed by Great Britain, France, and the United States agreeing to declare war on Germany and divide its lands after the war The United States long reserved its most lucrative occupations for an elite class of white men. Public anti-immigration sentiment remained strongin May 1938, only 23% of Americans were in favor of the immigration of German refugeesand these congressmen believed that legislation reducing immigration would prevail if the subject came up for debate. Japan had also developed the atomic bomb Wallace was born on January 9, 1922 in Salt Lake City, Utah and registered for the draft on June 30, 1942. A. C.It endorsed national self-determination for the post-war world. These recordings total approximately seven and one half hours and were also used to create a radio program, entitled "Dear Mr. President," which was broadcast in May 1942. The International Refugee Organization (IRO), a temporary specialized agency of the newly established United Nations, was created in December 1946 to replace the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) and the Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees (IGC), which had originally been created during the Evian Conference in 1938. What position did Eleanor Roosevelt take up after the war? B. Hundreds of thousands of liberated Jews, suffering from starvation and disease, emerged from concentration camps, hiding places, and places of temporary refuge to discover a world which still seemed to have no place for them. Kristallnacht is the name given to describe A. How did the bombing of Pearl Harbor lead to the entry of the United States into a war against Germany? After the Day of Infamy: "Man-on-the-Street" Interviews Following the Attack on Pearl Harbor presents approximately twelve hours of opinions recorded in the days and months following the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, from more than two hundred individuals in cities and towns across the United States. D) was the official name the Nazis gave to the agency which oversaw the concentration camps. Hitler 's greatest strategic disadvantage in opposing the Allies' imminent reentry into Europe lay in the immense stretch of Germany 's conquests, from the west coast of France to the east coast of Greece. D. The 1924 law capped quota immigration at 164,667 people per year. Students reflect on the unit as a whole and begin to write a strong thesis statement for their essay. B. After the United States entered World War II, A) one million people. A. gave orders to surrender. Explore a timeline of events that occurred before, during, and after the Holocaust. expand world trade through the reduction of tariffs. He warned that there were "hard and bitter days ahead," but pledged that the United States and its allies would "have Ukraine's back" as the war . drastically cut back its defense industries. By 1948, a new form of international tension had emerged--Cold War--between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies. Pete Seeger playing banjo, 1948. For each word at the left, complete the four derivatives indicated. How did the countrys reasons for fighting the war, as articulated by Roosevelt, differ from those of Germany. B. Interventionists finally agreed with the isolationist position. C. The 1951 Convention only applied to persons who became refugees as a result of events occurring [in Europe] before 1 January 1951. These limits in time and geography were in place until 1967, when the Refugee Protocol expanded refugee protection to people fleeing persecution worldwide on a more permanent basis. Between 1980 and 2018, more than 3,000,000 refugees have been resettled in the United States. ", United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC, The Nazi Persecution of Black People in Germany, The Nazi Olympics Berlin 1936: African American Voices and "Jim Crow" America. D. D. Many Americans believed the Soviet Union posed a greater threat than the Nazis or the Japanese. C. 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