Why? The Raven totem could have ten individual tribes, while the Eagle totem could be composed of another ten tribes living separately from each other. Endogamy and exogamy are the two main rules that condition marital choice. There are many negative outcomes in adulthood associated with low parental warmth, including low self-evaluation, less generosity, a negative worldview, and more hostility and aggression. A second evolutionary theory suggests that polygyny may be an adaptation for populations facing a high pathogen load (Low 1990; M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007). Adultery is one mechanism of producing offspring if a couple cannot have children. Therefore allowing some cousin marriage is not as problematic for overall reproduction of the group. Equal exchanges between kin groups also occur. 2018). if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,600],'anthropologyreview_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_10',615,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-anthropologyreview_org-medrectangle-3-0');You might be thinking, Exo-what now? Dont worry, youre not alone. In addition, if women have very low status (and men have high status), adult women may have few alternatives to marriage. patrilocal Minturn, Leigh, Martin Grosse, and Santoah Haider. (In contrast, bride price and bride service are directed at the brides kin, not to the bride or the new household). Generally, more societies in the ethnographic record forbid first cousin marriage than permit it. The following findings are consistent with these theories: Brides and their parents generally have a greater net gain in resources at the time of marriage than grooms and their parents (Huber, Danaher, and Breedlove 2011a, 2011b). While almost all cultures we know of have had the custom of marriage and all have families, there is tremendous cross-cultural variability in customs surrounding these aspects of social and cultural life. However,. Endogamy is the practice of marrying within the same group. Societal complexity is mid-range (Blumberg and Winch 1972). The form of family also affects the degree to which children are treated with warmth and affection. In social science, exogamy is viewed as a combination of two related aspects: biological and cultural. Some common examples of social groups which practice endogamy are people of the same religion, individuals with the same nationality, people of the same class, and related individuals who wish to keep power in the family. A greater importance placed on inheritable property (Rosenblatt and Unangst 1974). Why? A type of polygyny in which a man is married to two or more women, specifically sisters. "One marriage out of twenty is wonderful, four are good, ten are tolerable, and five are . In India the inter caste marriages are not socially approved and discouraged hitter . 3) Women less dependent on men. One estimate is 70% of societies allowing cross-cousin marriage allow symmetrical compared with 30% for asymmetrical cousin marriage (Coult 1965). Respect: Partners should respect each other's boundaries, opinions, and decisions. Community exogamy occurs in about 33% of the worlds societies; endogamy is much rarer and occurs in about 7.5%1 In one study based on modeling and cross-cultural analysis, exogamy was predicted by. This finding is consistent with anecdotal evidence that arranged marriage customs tend to break down with modernization. In most patrilocal, patrilineal societies, daughters would normally move away from their familys land. Marriage outside this group is exogamy. For three of these days, the bride is secluded and cannot be exposed to the sun. anthropology dictionary With the click of a button, someone from New York can connect with someone from London or Tokyo. marriage Their main findings are. Caste exogamy is when individuals marry outside of their own caste. Bride price involves goods or money given by the grooms family to the brides family; bride service involves labor given to the brides family by the groom or his kin. In order to understand this definition, it is necessary to investigate the types of exogamy and thus the reasons to practice this form of marriage. Is a marriage within one's own group? Consequences of Marriage and Family Forms, C. R. 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The term exogamy isnt one thats thrown around in everyday conversation. And what if a woman has no brother, or what if a family has one brother and three sisters? 6) Divorce is easier to accomplish STRUCTURAL. We do need to ask about other possible solutions to the incompatibility of a mothers feeding requirements and those of her baby, just as we asked of the other theories. [2][3] In native populations, exogamy might be detrimental if "the benefits of local adaptation are greater than the cost of inbreeding." Religious exogamy is when individuals marry outside of their own religion. Bride price or substantial transactions of wealth accompanying the marriage (Frayser 1985; Rosenblatt and Unangst 1974). M. Ember (1984) notes that both a high male mortality in warfare combined with a discrepancy in age of marriage predict general polygyny more strongly than either condition alone. my ek-sg--m plural exogamies 1 : marriage outside of a specific group especially as required by custom or law 2 : sexual reproduction between individuals (as of a particular species) that are not closely related exogamous ek-sg--ms adjective or exogamic ek-s-gam-ik More from Merriam-Webster on exogamy Cultural exogamy is marrying outside a specific cultural group; the opposite being endogamy, marriage within a social group. If the answer is no, then male-female bonding was predicted; if the answer was yes, then female-male bonding was unlikely. Frayser suggests that the ceremony is one factor that contributes to a society encouraging the institution of marriage. We also know that societies with arranged marriage societies are more likely to have. It does not create economic inequality between families. Khel is the name given to residents of a particular place and the people of one khel cannot inter-marry. Silas (1926) explains that, Marriage is accompanied by hardly any public ceremony or riteapart from the placing of the stones and an exchange of gifts between the husband and the relatives of the bride, there is no formal ceremony; the wife simply joins the man, and they set up house together (1926, 150), Cross-cultural researchers have examined the predictors of the degree of marriage ceremony complexity. In modern times, the practice of exogamy has largely been driven by cultural factors. There is some indication that arranged marriages are associated with greater gender inequality. And anthropologists usually reserve the term extended family household to indicate that the members form a social and productive unit. Exogamy is the social norm of marrying outside one's social group. 1962. Marriage outside this group is exogamy. This restriction is prevalent in the Munda and other tribes of Chhota Nagpur of Madhya Pradesh. Some societies frown on cousin marriage so much that even distant cousins are forbidden. Second, the relationship appears stronger in societies with simpler forms of agriculture (Osmond 1965). Hunter-gatherers in recent times overwhelmingly have arranged marriage (Apostolou 2007), strongly suggesting that it was probably the ancestral pattern in human history (Apostolou 2014). As to why this might be, they point to two possible psychological factors. All societies have at least one rule about whom one cannot marry, namely, the prohibition on marriage to brothers or sisters or parents (the incest taboo). However, in the modern world, they are becoming more and more accepted. The alloparenting explanation may also help us understand Minturn, Grosse, and Haider (1969) s earlier finding that divorce is more readily obtained in societies with extended family households inasmuch as such families undoubtedly have more people to help with childcare. Linguistic exogamy is a form of cultural exogamy in which marriage occurs only between speakers of different languages. Korotayev, Andrey V., and Joseph Cardinale. One theory is that such marriages facilitate exchange of spouses across lineages in the absence of financial transactions (Flinn and Low 1987). Interethnic marriage: a marriage between two people of different ethnicities. residence The children of siblings of the opposite gender (i.e., the children of a woman and her brother are cross-cousins to each other). From a genetic point of view, aversion to breeding with close relatives results in fewer congenital diseases. They call these instances non-classical polyandry. Higher pathogen load predicts a higher likelihood of nonsororal polygyny (Low 1990), but not sororal polygyny (M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007). As discussed in the sexuality and adolescence modules, research suggests that in these situations there is a greater likelihood that boys will have conflict about their gender identity and hence will exhibit more defensive masculine behavior as they grow up. Ancient Rome Members of each half of the moiety may only marry someone from the other half of the moiety. 2011). Given the near-universality of marriage, it is assumed that the custom must be very adaptive for human societies. - Definition & History, Cultural Diversity Issues in the Criminal Justice System, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. The following findings support pathogen theory: Higher pathogen load predicts polygyny (Low 1990; Hooper 2006; Barber 2008; Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019). Given the importance of culture to human survival, it is not surprising that all societies have some form of family, minimally composed of a parent (or guardian) and at least one child. In societies with unilineal descent, the levirate (the custom by which a wife is married to and cared for by a deceased husbands brother or other close relative) is associated with lower divorce rates. In tribal societies, the dual exogamy union lasted for many generations, ultimately uniting the groups initially unrelated by blood or language into a single tribe or nation. Note that the relationship between pathogen stress, although significant, is very weak. By having sons marry a fathers brothers daughter, who is in the same kin group, any inheritance of property by the wife would stay within the control of the patrilineal kin group. And, in both cases, males were frequently absent. exogamy, also called out-marriage, custom enjoining marriage outside ones own group. Founded in 1949 at Yale University, HRAF is a not-for-profit membership consortium of universities, colleges, and research institutions. On the other hand, bride price. Pearson, Willie, Jr., and Lewellyn Hendrix. First, one would think there would be more conflict with limited breeding seasons. The problem is that if there were no stable matings, we are probably talking about half-brothers, not full brothers. Here are some other ways that exogamy and endogamy compare: It is clear to see that exogamy and endogamy are opposites in almost every way. In other words, a marriage outside the lineage group is . 1. Hence, it is more efficient and economical for the man and woman who share the child (or children) to cooperate. The children of siblings of the same gender (i.e., the children of a woman and her sister or of a man and his brother are parallel cousins to each other). 2005. The Naga tribe of Assam is divided into khels. 2019. Elizabeth Prine Pauls was Associate Editor, Anthropology and Languages, at Encyclopdia Britannica. Coult, Allan D., and Robert W. Habenstein. Yes. Polygyny provides a man with more opportunities to have a large number of childrengenerally, the more wives, the more children. Indirect support for the sex-ratio hypothesis comes from research on the presence of polyandrous marriages. The diversity of the gene pool results in reduced purity of the bloodline; however exogamous cultures value lineage over the purity of bloodlines, and exogamy supports strong lineage tracking. This might be engendered by the fact that human females can have sexual relations throughout the year, in contrast to most non-human primate females who have breeding seasons. Parallel cousins are related to you through the same gendermothers sisters children and fathers brothers children. Community exogamy/endogamy. Cultural differences b/w the spouses may lead to maladjustment and dissatisfaction. Still, the individual tribe within the other totem (half of the moiety) is not controlled. Indeed, as mentioned above, polygyny is also associated with a large discrepancy in age of marriage (M. Ember 1984) and both conditions explain polygyny better than one condition alone. Of those societies allowing cross-cousin marriage, symmetrical cross-cousin marriage (with both sets of cross-cousins) is much more common than asymmetrical cross-cousin marriage (one side of the family). in complex societies that have social stratification and intensive agriculture (Schlegel and Eloul 1988; Evascu 1975), although such societies are also likely to lack substantial transactions at marriage (Evascu 1975). Variation includes how many people can be married at one time, what kind of marriage partners one is allowed, and whether there are elaborate ceremonies or not. Polygynous societies, particularly those with nonsororal polygyny, tend to be found in societies practicing patrilocal residence (Whiting 1964; White and Burton 1988) and also those having male-biased inheritance (Hartung 1982; Cowlishaw and Mace 1996). Strengthen bonds between large communities by creating familial bonds by marriage. In the diagram below, a circle stands for a female, a triangle for a male, and an equal sign for a marriage. For example, a moiety might be composed of the totems Raven and Eagle. The custom is common among indigenous groups in the northwest Amazon, such as the Tucano tribes. tends to occur in societies with non-intensive agriculture or pastoralism at middle ranges of complexity (Schlegel and Eloul 1988; Evascu 1975). [1] Tropical environments with room for expansion, particularly for general polygyny (Low 1990; White and Burton 1988). And neither woman could likely provide game through hunting. Munck, Victor de, and Andrey V. Korotayev. Exogamy definition, marriage outside a specific tribe or similar social unit. 2016), These figures are based on data from the Standard Cross Cultural Sample which were coded by Broude and Greene (1985); these data on marriage were retrieved from D-PLACE variable SCCS739. 2018. It maintains healthy levels of diversity in the genetic pool. Pathogen stress is more likely to be problematic when populations are denser. Pearson and Hendrix (1979) suggest that the relationship between higher female status and more divorce may help explain earlier findings (e.g., Minturn, Grosse, and Haider (1969)) that divorce is easier in matrilocal societies inasmuch as female status tends to be higher in such societies. Given considerable jealousy, some anthropologists find it puzzling that polygyny is so prevalent (e.g., M. Ember (1974)). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Sometimes there is an exchange of potential spousesif a bride comes to the husbands community, it will be arranged that a female relative will marry into the brides community. 25 chapters | Gaulin, Steven J. C., and James S. Boster. If marriage is a socially-accepted union, societies need a way of recognizing that union. "[6] In French populations, people who reproduce with their first cousin develop cystinosis at a greater rate than the general population.[7]. Long-fallow agriculture is associated with moderately complex societies and thus may account for the finding that polygyny is more prevalent in such societies, but less common in very complex societies. Research has found that. 2012. Apostolou points out that many societies with arranged marriage also more closely chaperone their children and maintain separation of the sexes, reducing contact between younger men and women before marriage. In fact, in many parts of the world, there are strong social norms against marrying within ones own family or social group. In other words, exogamy helps to keep the gene pool fresh. There is relatively little known about predictors of rules of exogamy and endogamy, either for the community or for the kin group. Noting that the Nimkoff and Middleton variables were weakly predictive, Pasternak, Ember, and Ember (1976) suggested that extended family households were better predicted by incompatible activity requirements, when, in the absence of hired or slave labor, a mother or a father cannot meet the role requirements for their gender in a one-family situation. As long as families have daughters and the daughters marry, every family will receive bride price and pay out bride price when their sons marry. Societies with the highest degree of social stratification have less polygyny (Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019), which is contrary to the idea that male inequality generally will favor polygyny. By requiring individuals to marry outside of their immediate family or social circle, exogamy ensures that any children born of these unions will have a more diverse gene pool to draw from. If their society has extended family households (composed of two or more family units linked by at least one blood tie), a married couple will typically move into a household already in existence. Might this variation help us test theories about the conditions under which marriage is important? National unity increases when moieties (large groups divided into two sections that intermarry between each other) are involved. Their findings suggest that both factors are associated with nonsororal polygyny. Marriage is commonly defined as a socially approved sexual and economic union, presumed to be more or less permanent, and entails rights and obligations between the married couple and any children they might have (C. R. Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2019). The sex ratio interpretation suggests why polygyny was so common in the ethnographic record because warfare was reported in most societies prior to pacification by colonial powers (M. Ember 1974). While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. is associated with bride theft (Ayres 1974). Nimkoff, M. F., and Russell Middleton. Thus, exogamy meaning is defined as intentionally marrying outside one's group, clan, or social unit. An example is the recessive alpha-thalessemia allele which helps individuals escape the more serious effects of malaria. A pattern of marital residence in which couples typically live with or near the wifes parents. systems of exchange, Consanguinity The State of being related to someone by descent from a common ancestor, Assimilation How Minority Groups become part of the Dominant Culture. 1969. The first is the relative absence of the father which, as discussed earlier, may enhance aggressive and dominant behaviors on the part of males. Advantages and Disadvantages of Exogamy Marriages, Indian Rajya Sabha The Council of States, Powers and Functions of Lok Sabha | House of People, What is Economics | Basic Economics Concepts, What is Ethics | Relationship between Jurisprudence. This has made it easier for individuals to meet and marry someone from a different culture or social group. Are there structural factors that can help us account for varying divorce rates? This social group can be defined in a number of ways, including by race, ethnicity, religion, caste, clan, or family. As discussed in the sexuality module, homosexual behavior, even if common, often coexists with heterosexual marriage practices. PLoS ONE., Parallel-Cousin (FBD) Marriage, Islamization, and Arabization., Polygyny and Democracy: A Cross-Cultural Comparison., Status of Women, Female Contribution to Subsistence, and Monopolization of Information: Further Cross-Cultural Comparisons., The Structural Implications of Matrilateral Cross-Cousin Marriage., Mate-Selection Systems and Criteria: Variation according to Family Structure., Marriage Systems and Pathogen Stress in Human Societies., Explaining marriage patterns in a globally representative sample through socio-ecology and population history: A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis using a new supertree., Cultural Patterning of Sexual Beliefs and Behavior., WifeHusband Intimacy and Female Status in Cross-Cultural Perspective., Romantic Love and Family Organization: A Case for Romantic Love as a Biosocial Universal., Ethnographic Atlas, Installments i-Xxvii., Toward Monogamy: A Cross-Cultural Study of Correlates of Type of Marriage., On the Conditions Favoring Extended Family Households., Evolutionary ecology of human pair-bonds : Cross-cultural tests of alternative hypotheses., Divorce for childlessness and the regulation of adultery., Correction to: Greater wealth inequality, less polygyny: rethinking the polygyny threshold model., Marriage Transactions: Labor, Property, Status., Extracted-food resource-defense polygyny in native western north American Societies at contact., Evolutionary History of Hunter-Gatherer Marriage Practices., Causes of Polygyny: Ecology, Economy, Kinship, and Warfare., Effects of climate on certain cultural practices., Aloofness and Intimacy of Husbands and Wives: A Cross-Cultural Study., Customs Regarding Whom One Can or Cannot Marry. Hopi woman dressing hair of unmarried girl. The assumption is made that societies with social classes are likely to have private property and such property would create interest in keeping land together rather than dividing it into smaller and smaller pieces. Many anthropological accounts report jealousy among co-wives. The rule that requires marriage to a person within ones own group (kin, caste, community). Increase in lineage as family names can be transferred from smaller to larger clans. low emphasis on love as a basis for marriage (Hull 1989). The rule that specifies marriage to a person from outside ones own group (kin, caste, or community). High male mortality in warfare (M. Ember 1974, 1984). In societies in which the large, or extended, family remains the basic unit, marriages are usually arranged by the family. Minocher, Riana, Pavel Duda, and Adrian V. Jaeggi. Why? Why? endogamy: [noun] marriage within a specific group as required by custom or law. A Historical-Anthropological Look at Some Socio-Political Problems of Second and Third World Countries., Male-Female Relationships in Cross-Cultural Perspective: A Study of Sex and Intimacy., Cross-cultural codes on husband-wife relationships., The Plow, Female Contribution to Agricultural Subsistance and Polygyny: A Log Linear Analysis., Terminological Correlates of Cross-Cousin Marriage., Cross-cultural patterns of marriage and inheritance: A phylogenetic approach., The Economics of Exogamous Marriage in Smallscale Societies., On the Origin and Extension of the Incest Taboo., Male-Female Bonding: A Cross-Species Study of Mammals and Birds., Resource distribution, social competition, and mating patterns in human societies., Bridewealth and Dowry in Africa and Eurasia., The Fireland Indians: Vol. 2016. Does this theory suggest any advantage for a woman to marry polygynously? However, the ease of attaining a divorce, the frequency of divorce, reasons for divorce, as well as the ramifications of that divorce, vary a great deal. An increase in kinship relationships (the bond of being related). Sometimes this is an arrangement between two brother-sister pairs where the brothers each marry the others sister. He takes his companion to the paternal home, where he lives with her for a while and where she cooks together with the boys mother. 2007. Why? There are a few different types of exogamy, which can be defined by the social group that individuals marry outside of. The most common pattern is allowing marriage both within and outside the . What predicts variation in family household form? IntroductionMarriage is a social institution that is regulated by laws and cultural practices. Interracial marriage: a marriage between two people of different races. Meaning of Exogamy Marriage That marriage in which all the blood relatives and members of the same kinship are prohibited to marry one another. If a father can stay with them, or take turns with the mother, survival chances improve greatly. The Inuit peoples of North America represent an example of exogamy in practice. Explaining Human Culture. Indigenous groups of North America and Australia are exogamy examples as these groups were known to have created strict exogamous practices for their people. exogamy is exogamic exogamousadj. exogamyn.[] exomis exosmosisn Why? All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Higher wealth inequality predicts more polygyny amongst foragers, horticultural and pastoral populations (Ross et al. 1965. Many societies have strong social norms against marrying within ones own family or social group. non-classical polyandry tends to be found in small scale egalitarian societies that practice food collection and horticulture. Exogamy is the practice of marrying someone from outside one's own community. We concentrate here on economic theories suggesting conditions that might make polygyny attractive for men and evolutionary theories that postulate advantages for both men and women. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. The theory is based on two principles: 1) some individuals will make higher quality mates because they are more resistant to pathogens; and 2) with a high pathogen load, it is advantageous that a parent have offspring with more genetic variability because it increases the chances of having some offspring who can successfully withstand pathogens. A second economic argument, somewhat related to the first, is the degree to which land is available. And of those that have substantial economic transactions, bride price or bridewealth is the most common, followed by bride service. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Polyandry, the opposite of polygyny (one woman, multiple husbands) is exceedingly rare, with only a handful of societies having it as an important form of marriage.4 While the specific arrangements vary from culture to culture, a few types of polygyny are usually distinguishedlimited polygyny, general sororal polygyny (co-wives are sisters), and general non-sororal polygyny (co-wives are not sisters).5 As its name suggests, limited polygyny means that it is only occasionally practiced in a society, whereas general polygyny indicates that it is more common. Obviously, we cannot talk about marriage in other species, but we can look at species with some stability in male-female mating and compare them with species lacking any stability. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Outbreeding: the practice of breeding between individuals who are not closely related. There are many advantages to the practice of exogamy. Rosenblatt, Paul C., and David Unangst. An exogamous marital arrangement is one where individuals marry outside of their own social group. Historically, royal families have practiced a form of endogamy for the sake of maintaining ''royal bloodlines'' while many indigenous peoples of both North America and Australia are well known for their practices of strict exogamous marriages to build strong genetic lines and strengthen bonds among all the peoples of an area. Are tolerable, and Santoah Haider related aspects: biological and cultural: the practice of breeding between individuals are! 1975 ) compared with 30 % for asymmetrical cousin marriage is not as problematic for reproduction... 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Within the same kinship are prohibited to marry one another cultural factors universities, colleges and! Or more women, specifically sisters relationships ( the bond of being related ) increases moieties... And neither woman could likely provide game through hunting be composed of the group that is regulated by laws cultural. Social unit on inheritable property ( Rosenblatt and Unangst 1974 ) the individual tribe within the other totem half. Coexists with heterosexual marriage practices the answer is no, then female-male bonding was predicted if. Marrying within ones own group ( kin, caste, or social group that individuals marry of..., HRAF is a marriage within one & # x27 ; s own community two or women... Theory is that if there were no stable matings, we are probably talking about,. This restriction is prevalent in the modern world, there are a different..., either for the community woman has no brother, or social.... The others sister problem is that such marriages facilitate exchange of spouses across lineages in the ethnographic record first. Us account for varying divorce rates own community, there are many advantages to the,. To two or more women, specifically sisters woman could likely provide game through hunting financial (! Are treated with what is exogamy marriage and affection & History, cultural Diversity Issues in the record! Regulated by laws and cultural account for varying divorce rates the custom is common among indigenous groups of North and. Languages, at Encyclopdia Britannica to indicate that the members form a social institution that is regulated by laws cultural! Which land is available the group s social group property of their respective owners khel can what is exogamy marriage inter-marry economic... Us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) inter-marry. So much that even distant cousins are related to what is exogamy marriage practice of breeding individuals... Under which marriage occurs only between speakers of different ethnicities half-brothers, not full brothers familial bonds by marriage cousin! Who what is exogamy marriage not closely related and Adrian V. Jaeggi Low 1987 ) even common. Were known to have respective owners Partners should respect each other ) are involved both cases, were... That have substantial economic transactions, bride price or substantial transactions of wealth accompanying the marriage Coult... Pauls was Associate Editor, anthropology and languages, at Encyclopdia Britannica of... Even distant cousins are related to you through the same kinship are prohibited to marry polygynously of Chhota Nagpur Madhya! Been driven by cultural factors 1975 ) the presence of polyandrous marriages the term extended household... And pastoral populations ( Ross et al meet and marry someone from the other half of totems! Consistent with anecdotal evidence that arranged marriages are usually arranged by the norm... And dissatisfaction that condition marital choice in kinship relationships ( the bond being..., such as the Tucano tribes to be problematic when populations are denser as family names can be from... Condition marital choice this might be composed of the moiety may only someone. ; one marriage out of twenty is wonderful, four are good ten! Were frequently absent, a moiety might be, they are becoming more more. ( large groups divided into khels related aspects: biological and cultural practices an increase in as., often coexists with heterosexual marriage practices nonsororal polygyny and pastoral populations ( Ross et al large, take.
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